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‹date/time›A2 PSYCHOLOGY
‹footer›LANA CROSBIE
SLIDE ‹#›
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A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE
1
![](3D"slide0016_image001.gif")
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
Memory
in non – human animals
EXAMPLES
OF THE IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY IN ANIMALS
q Navigation – involves the orientation and movement towards diff=
erent
locations
in the environm=
ent.
Memory enables animals to move between locations associated with
different activities =
such
as, sheltering, hiding, breeding, nesting and feeding.
q
q Tinbergen’s
(1952) field experiments on digger wasps illustrated the importance
of memory for t=
he spatial
arrangement of landmarks in locating home sites after absence, by
shifting and al=
tering
them around digger wasp’s burrow.
q Tolman
(1946) demonstrated spatial memory in rats navigating through mazes.
q
CONT…
![](3D"slide0016_image002.gif")
A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE 2
![](3D"slide0017_image003.gif")
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
Memory
in non – human animals
EXAMPLES
OF THE IMPORTANCE OF MEMORY IN ANIMALS CONT.
q Foraging
– is seeking of food from t=
he
environment. Memory is important for
foraging animal=
s to
remember where safe and productive food sites are located and where they m=
ay
have
previously hidd=
en
food (food caching)
q
q Balda
and Kamil (1992) found that captive Clark’s nutcrackers, birds that =
each
hide
thousands of se=
eds in
autumn, were able to remember their <=
i>cache locations up to 40 weeks
later.
q Menzel
(1973) found chimpanzees carried around an enclosure while a researcher hid
food,
could later remember =
where
most of it had been buried and collect it using efficient shortcuts.
![](3D"slide0017_image004.gif")
A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE 3
![](3D"slide0018_image005.gif")
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
Memory
in non – human animals
EXPLANATIONS
OF NAVIGATION AND FORAGING MEMORY
q PHYSIOLOGICAL THEORY (HIPPOCAMPUS)
– The hippocampus seems to
have
‘pl=
ace
cells’ that respond to move=
ment
into specific ‘place fields&=
#8217; in the environment, and
appears to regulate spatial memory through the use=
of
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine=
.
q
q Research studies:
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Case studies – humans with
hippocampus damage have problems finding their way around.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Surgical removal / drug inhibition
– within rats affect their ability to learn new radial or Morris
water
=
;
mazes.
repeatedly respond when the rat moves into a particular part (place
fields) of a maze and /or carries
out particular behavioural acts, e.g. feeding (O’ Keefe and
Nadel, 1978).
![](3D"slide0018_image006.gif")
A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE 4
![](3D"slide0019_image007.gif")
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
Memory
in non – human animals
EXPLANATIONS
OF NAVIGATION AND FORAGING MEMORY
q COGNITIVE THEORY (COGNITIVE MAPS)
– Is a powerful memory of
landmarks that does not
just repr=
esent
spatial arrangement but also allows novel (not previously experienced) short cuts to
be
made betw=
een
locations.
q Research studies:
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Some tests on rats in mazes, chimp=
anzees
in areas of hidden food and bees moving between nectar
<=
/div>
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology
![](3D"slide0020_image009.gif")
evolves in
species whose existing behaviour and =
environmental
niche requires this adaptation.
Thus a
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COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology
![](3D"slide0021_image011.gif")
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Upd()
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b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
/*********************************************
Context menu implementation
_CM() is the function that's hooked up to
the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
show the menu, we first build it by creating
DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
within the screen area so it doesn't get
clipped.
Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
we don't have to write out any extra HTML
into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"
function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
ShowMenu()
return false
} else
HideMenu()
}
function BuildMenu()
{
if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return
var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
=09
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();=
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
}
function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C589F3.556E5700
Content-Location: file:///C:/C53256B3/COMPARATIVEPSYCHOLOGY_animapsych_part3_files/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY Animal Psychology
------=_NextPart_01C589F3.556E5700--
=
;
patches have appeared to show that animals can take short cuts and
arrange optimal routes between
=
;
locations, thus indicating the use of cognitive maps.
![](3D"slide0019_image008.gif")
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Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%;visibility:hidden'>q
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Bennett (1991, 1996) argued that n=
one
had yet conclusively ruled out all alternative simpler
<=
/div>
explanations such as, guarante=
eing
that the short cut had not been taken before or that the locations
=
;
had not just been visually recognised from new angles.
A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE 5
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
Memory
in non – human animals
EXPLANATIONS
OF NAVIGATION AND FORAGING MEMORY
q EVOLUTIONARY THEORY (ADAPTATION)
– Sherry et al (1992) sugge=
sts
that spatial memory
species with a
greater need to explore its environment for food, mates, nesting sites etc.
will evolve greater
memory abilitie=
s in
order to survive.
q Research studies:
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Tests of spatial memory have shown=
that
bird species that cache food perform better than closely
=
;
related species that do not cache.
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%'>q Not all studies have revealed simi=
lar
result, indicating that the need to use memory for other
=
;
purposes may lead to the evolution of general memory abilities.
=
;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%;visibility:hidden'>q
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:50%;visibility:hidden'>q
A2 PSYC=
HOLOGY
LANA
CROSBIE
SLIDE 6
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Animal Cognition=
Animal Cognition=
EXAM QUESTIONS
§ Critically consider research
(explanations and/or studies) relating to the role of memory in
navigation =
and fo=
raging
in non-human animals. =
; &n=
bsp; =
; &n=
bsp;
(24 marks)
<=
/div>
§ (a) Describe two or more explanati=
ons of
memory in non – human animals. (12 marks)
§ (b) Asses=
the
importance of memory in foraging behaviour. =
; &n=
bsp;
(12 marks)
<=
/span>
§ Describe the importance of memory =
in
navigation (e.g. spatial memory) behaviour in non - human
animals. =
;
(24 marks)
‹header›
‹date/time›=
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Second level
Third level
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Fifth level
‹footer›
‹#›
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