The Harvard System
CITING AND REFERENCING |
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| Citation in the text of your work. |
Any citation within the text of a document should be linked to the
corresponding bibliographic reference at the end of your work.
In the text you refer to a particular document by using the author's
surname and year of publication.
If the author's name occurs naturally in a sentence, the year is
given in brackets:
...as defined by
Mintzberg (1983)
If not, then both name and year are shown in brackets:
In a recent study (Handy,
1987) management is described as..
If the same author has published more than one cited
document in the same year these are distinguished by lower case
letters:
Drucker (1989a)
If there are two authors both names should be given
before the date:
Gremlin and Jenking (1981)...
If there are three or more authors only the surname
of the first author should be given, followed by 'et al':
Kotler et al (1987)
If there is no author given use Anon.
Anon (1967)
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| Creating Bibliographic References. |
Note on multiple authors:
If there are two or three authors then both should be given. If there
are four or more, then only the first is given , followed by et al.
Example:
The bibliographic reference for the book, "Gestures" written
by Morris, Collet, Marsh and O'Shaughnessy, would appear as:
Morris, D., et al, 1979. Gestures. London:
Jonathan Cape Ltd.
The reference in the text of your essay would be:
Emblems can be defined as "actions
which replace speech and can act as substitutes for verbal statements”
(Morris et al, 1979). |
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| Book or report. |
The reader needs to know;
Author's surname.
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Author's initials. |
| Year of publication. |
Title. (in italics or underlined). |
| Edition. (if not the first). |
Place of publication. |
| Publisher. |
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Plus for electronic resources:
[online] after the title.
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Available from. (URL) |
| Accessed date. |
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Examples:
HEMINGWAY,
E., 2003. Better reading French: a reader and guide to improving
your understanding of written French. Chicago: McGraw-Hill.
HEMINGWAY, E., 2003. Better reading
French: a reader and guide to improving your understanding of written
French [online]. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com
[Accessed 25 August 2004].
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National
service framework for diabetes: delivery strategy. London:
Department of Health.
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National
service framework for diabetes: delivery strategy [online].
London: Department of Health. Available from: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf
[Accessed 5 May 2004].
If the publication is part of a series, include that information
after the title.
Example:
GOULDEN,
C., 2001. At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young people
in the 1998/99 youth style survey. Home Office Research Study
228. London: Home Office.
GOULDEN, C., 2001.
At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young people in the 1998/99
youth style survey [online]. Home Office Research Study 228.
London: Home Office. Available from: http://www.drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/YoungPeople/1033739599
[Accessed 2 September 2005].
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| Reference to a contribution in a book. |
The reader needs to know:
Author's surname.
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Author's initials. |
| Year of publication. |
Title of contribution. |
Author or Editor of publication
(initials, surname with ed or eds if relevant). |
Title of Book
(in italics or underlined). |
Edition.
(if not the first). |
Volume number.
(if part of a series). |
| Place of publication. |
Publisher. |
| Year of publication of Book. |
Page numbers of contribution. |
Plus for electronic resources:
[online] after the title.
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Available from. (URL) |
| Accessed date. |
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Example:
SMITH, C.,1980.
Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE,
ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980,
pp 27-30.
WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking
the flak: operational policing, fear and violence. In:
G. LEE-TREWEEK and S. LINKOGLE, eds. Danger in the field: risk
and ethics in social research [online]. London: Routledge,
pp 26-42. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/ [Accessed 25
May 2004].
NOTE:
When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p'
if referring to a single page.
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| Reference to a journal article. |
Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print
and online (of which some are exact copies and some will appear in
a different format), and some online only. In all cases, the version
you cite should be the version that you have seen.
The reader needs to know:
| Author's surname. |
Author's initials. |
| Year of publication. |
Title of article. |
| Title of Journal. (in italics or underlined).
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Volume number. |
| Part number. (in brackets). |
Page number of article. |
Plus for electronic resources:
[online] after the title.
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Available from. (URL) |
| Accessed date. |
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Example:
NICOLLE, L.,1990. Data protection: laying down
the law. Management Computing, 13(12), pp 48-49, 52.
CHRISTENSEN, P.,
2004. The health-promoting family: a conceptual framework for future
research. Social Science and Medicine [online], 59(2), pp 223-243.
Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02779536
[Accessed 5 May 2004].
BALDWIN, C.M., KROESEN,
K., et al., 2004. Complementary and alternative medicine: a concept
map. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine [online] 4:2 (13
February 2004). Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf
[Accessed 5 May 2004].
SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The
art of publishing methods. Journal of Nuclear Medicine [online],
44, pp 661-662. Available from: http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml
[Accessed 2 September 2005].
NOTE:
When referring to specific pages in a book 'pp' is used. Use 'p' if
referring to a single page. |
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| Reference to a website. |
Example - in the text:
"The University of the West of England is located in the lively
West Country town of Bristol. Further information about the University
can be obtained from its website (University of the West of England,
2004a). The library has a large print collection as well as a wide
range of electronic databases which can be accessed via the library
web pages (University of the West of England, 2004b)"
Example - in the reference list:
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF
ENGLAND, 2004a. University of the West of England [online]. Available
from: http://www.uwe.uk [Accessed 5 May 2004].
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST OF
ENGLAND, 2004b. Library services electronic resources [online].
Available from: http://www.uwe.ac.uk/library/resources/general/databases
[Accessed 6 September 2005].
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| Reference to a film, video and television broadcast. |
The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material
designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production
details - place: organisation.
Example:
Chicken Run. 2000. Animated
film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. Bristol: Aardman.
Blade Runner: from a story
by Philip K. Dick. 1982. Film. Directed by Ridley Scott. USA: Warner
Brothers.
The reference for television programmes and series
should include: number and title of episode, as well as
the series title, transmitting organisation and channel, and full
date and time of transmission.
Example:
Yes, Prime Minister: Episode
1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. TV, BBC2, January 1986. 20.30
hrs.
News at Ten. 1996. TV, ITV.
January 27, 1996. 22.00 hrs.
The reference for contributors or individual items
within a programme should include the contributor as author.
Example:
BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview.
Six O'Clock News. TV, BBC1. February 29, 1997. 1823 hrs.
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